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Passive physiological intervertebral movements
Passive physiological intervertebral movements (PPIVM) refers to a spinal physical therapy assessment and treatment technique developed by Geoff Maitland used to assess intervertebral movement at a single joint, and to mobilise neck stiffness.〔Geoffrey Douglas Maitland, Elly Hengeveld, Kevin Banks, Kay English, (2005). ''Maitland's Vertebral Manipulation, Volume 1.'' Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 9780750688062.〕
==Technique==
PPIVM is used as an assessment technique to assist with identifying the location, nature, severity and irritability of vertebral symptoms. They can be used to test for cervical or lumbar joint hypermobility or instability, or whether a joint is locked. PPIVM assessments test the movement available at a specific spinal level through the application of a passive physiological movement.〔〔Darlene Hertling, Randolph M. Kessler, (2006). ''Management of Common Musculoskeletal Disorders: Physical Therapy Principles and Methods''. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781736268.〕
Cervical PPIVMs can be performed in cervical lateral flexion or rotation, with the therapist restricting movement beyond a certain cervical level by blocking with the hand; this allows the identification of the exact spinal level where patient symptoms occur. In regards to the lumbar spine, the technique is performed with the therapist reaching under the patient's knees, and lifting to obtain the desired lumbar movement whilst assessing the movement of the spinous process using the fingers.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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